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Actual for You - Natural Dyes
A lot of event planners struggle to get up-to-the-minute stats about who's coming, how many people are coming, and how many spots are left. This is because they're hand-counting forms, tallying up call-in registrations, and manually updating Excel spreadsheets to find the right numbers.This is so unnecessary.Using an online registration system for the event can remove all such tedious paperwork from your job by providing complete, up-to-the-minute reports for all your events and meetings?With the right online registration system, you can pull up all the data you need, including total registrations, cancellations, revenue collected, and more with just a few clicks. You can view the raw data, or see it in colorful charts and graphs. You get unlimited reports, including the financial reports you’ll need for accounting. You can also export your reports to PDF, Excel, or plain text for easy emailing to executives and senior level managers.Another reporting feature that is worth searching out in your online registration system is Smart Links. You can give out this automatically generated link to any interested parties so they can access reports in real-time. Rather than calling you, they can just hit the "Refresh" button in their web browser – a huge time-saver. Automated reporting capabilities like this can literally save you hours of wasted time and effort.Finding the right system that offers simple ways to get the most recent data in any form you need (charts, graphs, PDF, etc.), is very important to making event registration easier for both you and your registrant and for more manageable for you.
Twigs and pruning
Flower heads
Barks
Roots
Outer skins, hulls and husks
Heartwoods and wood shavings
Berries and seeds
Lichens
Insect dyes
Few examples of obtaining natural dyes from various sources
Indigo: Still used by many block printers and dyers in the villages of India, Indigo gives shades of blue and some greens. Workers today utilize the same method used since olden times for natural indigo dyeing. Indigo is made in large vats made of clay that can contain at least 1000 liters of dye. These are sunken into the ground and this gives a consistent temperature to make the dye work. The indigo dye bath is prepared by using molasses and lime, and then preserved for around six months until it is exhausted. The cloth is constantly dipped and immersed in the vat and then exposed to the air to make different intensities of blue color.
White patterns in textiles are retained by making a paste from clay mixed with wheat chaff and tree gum. The paste restricts the dye from entering the covered areas. Indigo simply binds and connects with the fibres and through washing and friction some of the indigo molecules break away. This is why
When starting up a business, there are some important legal matters that you’ll have to deal with, no matter how much you’d love to just dive in and get started. However, if you neglect these legal steps, you’re going to find that maintaining the business down the road becomes much more difficult, and in some cases, impossible. It’s in your best interest to take these legal aspects seriously and get them sorted out as soon as possible when starting a business.1) Develop a Strategic Business PlanThis plan will be the blueprint and backdrop for your business – the thing upon which all other aspects of starting your business are based. Also, having a business plan will make it much easier for you to receive financing for your new business. Very few people actually have the available funds to cover start-up costs, and a business plan is something you can present to family, banks, or other private investors to gain their confidence in your venture. It should outline in detail how you plan to operate your business, and exactly what this business is.2) What Kind of Legal Entity is Your Business?This will determine whether you can be sued for issues arising between the business and your customers. It is extremely important, and often neglected when starting a business, but this can actually make or break you during those crucial first years when the business is trying to be established and grow. You do not want to be left with liability issues, debt problems, or unnecessary obligations, and what kind of legal entity you are will also determine the tax strategy that the government applies to your business. Protect yourself from liability issues, and make sure you’re not personally held responsible for any unfortunate happenings.3) Determine CapitalizationYou cannot survive as a business without proper capitalization, and this will include both matters of equity and debt. Equity is gained through sales of business ownership interest, such as stock shares, allowing this portion of capital to not require repayment to financial backers. Before you even think about starting your business, you’ll need to have a decent rapport with your bank or an established financial institution. If you don’t have adequate capital, your business will fail, regardless of how thorough your business plan was.4) Taxes, Taxes, TaxesEveryone pays taxes… and so will you and your business. You’ll have to deal with income tax, employment tax, sales tax, and any other state taxes imposed by local governments. If your business fails to pay the required taxes, you as a
Dyeing is a very ancient art. It was practiced during the Bronze Age in Europe, Asia and many other regions and countries. Primitive dyeing methods involved sticking plants to fabric or rubbing crushed pigments to the cloth. The procedures became more sophisticated with time as techniques of applying natural dyes from crushed fruits, berries and other plants, which were boiled into the fabric and gave light and water fastness, were developed.
Some of the recognized olden dyes include madder, a red dye made from the roots of the Rubia tinctorum, blue indigo from the leaves of Indigofera tinctoria, yellow from the stigmas of the saffron plant, turmeric and dogwood pulp. The first application of the blue dye, woad, favorite of the Ancient Britons, may have originated in Palestine where it was found largely. Though many natural dyes are made from metals, for example natural black color is made from recycled horseshoes and molasses, red is made from aluminum sulphate and red earth.
Eco-friendly, economical aspects of dye
Today, dyeing has become a specialized science and has a very complex functioning. Almost all dyestuffs are now made from synthetic compounds. This denotes that costs have highly decreased and many application and wear characteristics have largely improved. But many practitioners of the craft of natural dying still believe that natural dyes have a better visual quality, which is much more delightful to the eye. In the West, natural dyeing is now used only in handcrafts, whereas synthetic dyes are used in all commercial aspects. Some craft spinners, weavers and knitters use natural dyes for making specific features of their work. Though, in many of the developing countries natural dyes can provide not only a prosperous and wide-ranging source of dyestuff, but also the likelihood of an income through sustainable harvest and sale of these dye plants. Many dyes are prepared from tree waste or can be simply grown in market gardens. Natural dyes can provide attractive options, where relatively expensive synthetic dyes, mordant (fixatives) and other additives are imported.
The knowledge needed for finding and extracting such dyes and mordant does often not exist, as far-reaching research work is needed to recognize appropriate plants, minerals, etc. For example, there are a variety of plants available for making natural dyes in Zambia, but because of lack of knowledge of the practice implicated in harvesting and processing the plants; little utilization is done for this natural resource. In some countries, such as India, Nigeria and Liberia, where this research has been done extensively, or where there is easy accessibility of natural dyeing, natural dyes and mordant are used widely.
The main colors used are black from iron sulphate, blue from the Indigo plant and yellow from turmeric and pomegranate rind and peels. The rest of the colors are obtained from these kinds of natural resources as mentioned in the table.
Sources of natural dyes
Specialist plant and animal sources Many plants and some animals have been identified for making natural dyes. A range of parts of plants like roots, stems, barks, leaves, fruits and seeds are generally used. By-products (Particularly lac dye): The lac industry provides lac dye as a by-product, which is taken from the effluent. Likewise from cassia tora, utilized in gum production, a brown dye is obtained as a by-product.
Chemical mixture: It is a mixture of dyes of molecular structure similar to those of natural dyes. Cell or tissue culture by DNA transfer technology: A few fungi such as Drechslera and Trichoderma make anthraquinone derivatives. Anthraquinone is a significant type of dye, where exploiting the fungi would be helpful over their chemical mixtures.
Natural dyestuffs
Since olden times, dyestuffs and dyeing are used in textiles and garments. Nature gives prosperity to plants which in turn offer their color for the purpose of dyeing, many being used since ancient times.
More or less any organic material will create a color when boiled in a dye-bath, but only few plants will give a color that will work as a dye. The plants provided in Table 1 are a selection of a few plants, which are widely used traditionally as natural dyers. Natural dyes are obtained from the following categories:
Leaves and stems
Twigs and pruning
Flower heads
Barks
Roots
Outer skins, hulls and husks
Heartwoods and wood shavings
Berries and seeds
Lichens
Insect dyes
Few examples of obtaining natural dyes from various sources
Indigo: Still used by many block printers and dyers in the villages of India, Indigo gives shades of blue and some greens. Workers today utilize the same method used since olden times for natural indigo dyeing. Indigo is made in large vats made of clay that can contain at least 1000 liters of dye. These are sunken into the ground and this gives a consistent temperature to make the dye work. The indigo dye bath is prepared by using molasses and lime, and then preserved for around six months until it is exhausted. The cloth is constantly dipped and immersed in the vat and then exposed to the air to make different intensities of blue color.
White patterns in textiles are retained by making a paste from clay mixed with wheat chaff and tree gum. The paste restricts the dye from entering the covered areas. Indigo simply binds and connects with the fibres and through washing and friction some of the indigo molecules break away. This is why I
There are four critical areas causing business plans to change. All are changing trends in the business environment. The four areas we will examine are: 1) government trends, 2) economic trends. 3) technological trends and 4) cultural trends. Each one causes a specific impact on our decisions and requires us to make adjustments. Some changes are dramatic and require dramatic reactions to minimize their effect on our business.First are government trends. There are several different sources caused by changes in regulations, tax policies and new legal precedence. Most of these are not a direct result of what we are doing in our business, but are the result of political and social shifts. On the legal side, changes result from court cases. It is absolutely necessary to address these changes because of both the financial and legal jeopardy. The result will be changes to not only our business plans but also our business conduct.Second are economic trends. These changes occur because the local, national and international environment changes. Typical of these trends are changes in inflation rates, interest rates and the comparative value of currency (foreign exchange rates). Notice that all of these changes are directly and indirectly effects of government actions. These trends require us to adapt our business plan to the new conditions.Next are technological trends. The amount of effect that these trends have on our business depends on how directly the changes impact our present operations. For instance, if we are making vacuum tubes when integrated circuits arrive, we will have to make some major changes. Note that the changes in our business plan may mean acquiring or learning new technologies, retraining our people, or seeking new customers and products. Inventors, with changes in product lifecycles or adopting new ideas, normally trigger these trends. We can prepare for these changes by keeping up-to-date with trends, new advances and what our competitors are doing. It may mean new sources of raw materials, different marketing techniques, or perhaps the loss or emergence of a new market.Finally, cultural trends have a direct impact on our business plan and the business environment. The demographics of our customers may change, new social concerns can arise and new lifestyles evolve. If our customers move from the cities to the country, our business will be affected not only in what we sell, but also, in how we deliver it. Too, as social consciences change, acceptable business practices will change. These could include environmental a
Eco-friendly, economical aspects of dye
Today, dyeing has become a specialized science and has a very complex functioning. Almost all dyestuffs are now made from synthetic compounds. This denotes that costs have highly decreased and many application and wear characteristics have largely improved. But many practitioners of the craft of natural dying still believe that natural dyes have a better visual quality, which is much more delightful to the eye. In the West, natural dyeing is now used only in handcrafts, whereas synthetic dyes are used in all commercial aspects. Some craft spinners, weavers and knitters use natural dyes for making specific features of their work. Though, in many of the developing countries natural dyes can provide not only a prosperous and wide-ranging source of dyestuff, but also the likelihood of an income through sustainable harvest and sale of these dye plants. Many dyes are prepared from tree waste or can be simply grown in market gardens. Natural dyes can provide attractive options, where relatively expensive synthetic dyes, mordant (fixatives) and other additives are imported.
The knowledge needed for finding and extracting such dyes and mordant does often not exist, as far-reaching research work is needed to recognize appropriate plants, minerals, etc. For example, there are a variety of plants available for making natural dyes in Zambia, but because of lack of knowledge of the practice implicated in harvesting and processing the plants; little utilization is done for this natural resource. In some countries, such as India, Nigeria and Liberia, where this research has been done extensively, or where there is easy accessibility of natural dyeing, natural dyes and mordant are used widely.
The main colors used are black from iron sulphate, blue from the Indigo plant and yellow from turmeric and pomegranate rind and peels. The rest of the colors are obtained from these kinds of natural resources as mentioned in the table.
Sources of natural dyes
Specialist plant and animal sources Many plants and some animals have been identified for making natural dyes. A range of parts of plants like roots, stems, barks, leaves, fruits and seeds are generally used. By-products (Particularly lac dye): The lac industry provides lac dye as a by-product, which is taken from the effluent. Likewise from cassia tora, utilized in gum production, a brown dye is obtained as a by-product.
Chemical mixture: It is a mixture of dyes of molecular structure similar to those of natural dyes. Cell or tissue culture by DNA transfer technology: A few fungi such as Drechslera and Trichoderma make anthraquinone derivatives. Anthraquinone is a significant type of dye, where exploiting the fungi would be helpful over their chemical mixtures.
Natural dyestuffs
Since olden times, dyestuffs and dyeing are used in textiles and garments. Nature gives prosperity to plants which in turn offer their color for the purpose of dyeing, many being used since ancient times.
More or less any organic material will create a color when boiled in a dye-bath, but only few plants will give a color that will work as a dye. The plants provided in Table 1 are a selection of a few plants, which are widely used traditionally as natural dyers. Natural dyes are obtained from the following categories:
Leaves and stems
Twigs and pruning
Flower heads
Barks
Roots
Outer skins, hulls and husks
Heartwoods and wood shavings
Berries and seeds
Lichens
Insect dyes
Few examples of obtaining natural dyes from various sources
Indigo: Still used by many block printers and dyers in the villages of India, Indigo gives shades of blue and some greens. Workers today utilize the same method used since olden times for natural indigo dyeing. Indigo is made in large vats made of clay that can contain at least 1000 liters of dye. These are sunken into the ground and this gives a consistent temperature to make the dye work. The indigo dye bath is prepared by using molasses and lime, and then preserved for around six months until it is exhausted. The cloth is constantly dipped and immersed in the vat and then exposed to the air to make different intensities of blue color.
White patterns in textiles are retained by making a paste from clay mixed with wheat chaff and tree gum. The paste restricts the dye from entering the covered areas. Indigo simply binds and connects with the fibres and through washing and friction some of the indigo molecules break away. This is why
This is the seventh article in a series of eight articles about how to build a profitable portfolio of tax lien certificates or tax deeds. If you missed the previous articles in this series, you can read them at www.taxlienconsulting.blogspot.com.OK, so you've got the tax sale list and you've done your due diligence and you've made your preparations to go to the tax sale. You've registered for the sale, you have your paperwork in order and you've made arrangements to have the proper form of payment at the sale. Since most tax sales are auctions, the next step to building your profitable tax lien portfolio is to bid at the sale.Before you bid at a tax sale you need to know what the bidding procedure is and what your strategy will be. You'll have to decide beforehand just how much you are willing to pay for each property that you want to bid on, or how low (in interest) you will bid. I suggest that you attend at least one tax sale before you bid so that you are aware of what is actually being bid and what the competition is like. It's important to know exactly what you are bidding.There are four basic types of bidding procedures that you will encounter at a tax sale. At tax lien sales, typically the interest is bid down, or the interest is not bid down and the price of the lien is bid up. This is referred to in the tax lien industry as "premium" or "overbid." Different states may refer to it differently and they treat it differently. In some states the amount bid is only the premium or overbid amount, and the total price of the lien will be what was bid plus the lien amount. Other states will start the bidding at the lien amount so that the bid price includes the lien amount. Some states do not bid down the interest or bid up the price of the lien. They may use another bidding process in which the percent ownership in the property (should the property be foreclosed) is bid down. In this process it is the bidder willing to receive the lowest percent ownership in the property that wins the bid. Another bid process that is used in some states is random selection or a round robin bidding process. For both of these bidding procedures, the interest rate is not bid down and the price is not bid up; they remain constant. In counties that use the random selection process, a bid is randomly selected among the registered bidders at the sale. In counties that use the round robin procedure, the tax collector will go around the room in a specific order, offering the next tax lien to the next registered bidder in line. The bidder can either accept or refuse the lien; but if the
The knowledge needed for finding and extracting such dyes and mordant does often not exist, as far-reaching research work is needed to recognize appropriate plants, minerals, etc. For example, there are a variety of plants available for making natural dyes in Zambia, but because of lack of knowledge of the practice implicated in harvesting and processing the plants; little utilization is done for this natural resource. In some countries, such as India, Nigeria and Liberia, where this research has been done extensively, or where there is easy accessibility of natural dyeing, natural dyes and mordant are used widely.
The main colors used are black from iron sulphate, blue from the Indigo plant and yellow from turmeric and pomegranate rind and peels. The rest of the colors are obtained from these kinds of natural resources as mentioned in the table.
Sources of natural dyes
Specialist plant and animal sources Many plants and some animals have been identified for making natural dyes. A range of parts of plants like roots, stems, barks, leaves, fruits and seeds are generally used. By-products (Particularly lac dye): The lac industry provides lac dye as a by-product, which is taken from the effluent. Likewise from cassia tora, utilized in gum production, a brown dye is obtained as a by-product.
Chemical mixture: It is a mixture of dyes of molecular structure similar to those of natural dyes. Cell or tissue culture by DNA transfer technology: A few fungi such as Drechslera and Trichoderma make anthraquinone derivatives. Anthraquinone is a significant type of dye, where exploiting the fungi would be helpful over their chemical mixtures.
Natural dyestuffs
Since olden times, dyestuffs and dyeing are used in textiles and garments. Nature gives prosperity to plants which in turn offer their color for the purpose of dyeing, many being used since ancient times.
More or less any organic material will create a color when boiled in a dye-bath, but only few plants will give a color that will work as a dye. The plants provided in Table 1 are a selection of a few plants, which are widely used traditionally as natural dyers. Natural dyes are obtained from the following categories:
Leaves and stems
Twigs and pruning
Flower heads
Barks
Roots
Outer skins, hulls and husks
Heartwoods and wood shavings
Berries and seeds
Lichens
Insect dyes
Few examples of obtaining natural dyes from various sources
Indigo: Still used by many block printers and dyers in the villages of India, Indigo gives shades of blue and some greens. Workers today utilize the same method used since olden times for natural indigo dyeing. Indigo is made in large vats made of clay that can contain at least 1000 liters of dye. These are sunken into the ground and this gives a consistent temperature to make the dye work. The indigo dye bath is prepared by using molasses and lime, and then preserved for around six months until it is exhausted. The cloth is constantly dipped and immersed in the vat and then exposed to the air to make different intensities of blue color.
White patterns in textiles are retained by making a paste from clay mixed with wheat chaff and tree gum. The paste restricts the dye from entering the covered areas. Indigo simply binds and connects with the fibres and through washing and friction some of the indigo molecules break away. This is why
When Is The Disciplinary Procedure Used?Managers have a right to discipline employees for inappropriate behaviour or conduct, where the mutual trust and confidence necessary for the employment relationship to exist is threatened.Examples of inappropriate behaviour· Timekeeping and unauthorised absence· Misuse of company facilities· Failure to follow instructions· Failure to meet targets and deadlines· Breaches of company policies· Attitudinal problems· Personality clashes· Breaches of confidentiality· InsubordinationPerformance or capability problems may arise because of:· Long-term absence due to sickness· Frequent short-term sickness absences· A lack of proper qualifications to do the job· Incompetence Disciplinary procedures are designed to address conduct and not capability issues, where the shortfall in performance is not within the employee's control.Many organisations adopt a separate capability procedure designed to cover issues of ill-health and poor performance for reasons that are outside the employee's control, e.g. a lack of training or supervision or a change in job content.In poor performance cases, investigations will first be needed to determine the reasons for the shortfalls and establish whether the issue is one of capability or conduct.Why have a disciplinary procedure at all?The aim of disciplinary procedures is to help and encourage improvement among employees whose conduct or standard of work is unsatisfactory. This will realise the following benefits to the organisation and employees:· Provides a fair and speedy means of dealing with disciplinary incidents· Employees understand organisational rules and standards of conduct and performance expected of them and the likely consequences should they fail to meet standards or abide by the rules· Promotes organisation's values and better day-to-day management practices· Assists employees in developing their potential· Saves time and money, because issues undermining employee morale are identified and corrected· Provides a better defence in employment tribunal cases· Builds an organisational climate based on openness and trust Regardless of size, all organisations must follow the minimum statutory Dismissal Disciplinary Procedures. Recent research suggests that small employers are disproportionately represented in unfair dismissal claims and have a lower success rate in defending claims than larger establishments because they are
Chemical mixture: It is a mixture of dyes of molecular structure similar to those of natural dyes. Cell or tissue culture by DNA transfer technology: A few fungi such as Drechslera and Trichoderma make anthraquinone derivatives. Anthraquinone is a significant type of dye, where exploiting the fungi would be helpful over their chemical mixtures.
Natural dyestuffs
Since olden times, dyestuffs and dyeing are used in textiles and garments. Nature gives prosperity to plants which in turn offer their color for the purpose of dyeing, many being used since ancient times.
More or less any organic material will create a color when boiled in a dye-bath, but only few plants will give a color that will work as a dye. The plants provided in Table 1 are a selection of a few plants, which are widely used traditionally as natural dyers. Natural dyes are obtained from the following categories:
Leaves and stems
Twigs and pruning
Flower heads
Barks
Roots
Outer skins, hulls and husks
Heartwoods and wood shavings
Berries and seeds
Lichens
Insect dyes
Few examples of obtaining natural dyes from various sources
Indigo: Still used by many block printers and dyers in the villages of India, Indigo gives shades of blue and some greens. Workers today utilize the same method used since olden times for natural indigo dyeing. Indigo is made in large vats made of clay that can contain at least 1000 liters of dye. These are sunken into the ground and this gives a consistent temperature to make the dye work. The indigo dye bath is prepared by using molasses and lime, and then preserved for around six months until it is exhausted. The cloth is constantly dipped and immersed in the vat and then exposed to the air to make different intensities of blue color.
White patterns in textiles are retained by making a paste from clay mixed with wheat chaff and tree gum. The paste restricts the dye from entering the covered areas. Indigo simply binds and connects with the fibres and through washing and friction some of the indigo molecules break away. This is why
There are few things that oozes with class, professionalism and charisma as wood. That wonderful gleam of polished wood adds an exquisite touch to your office while creating a lavish atmosphere ... an ambience that is perfectly suited for the modern office.Wooden wall paneling and furniture for the office have to be chosen with some care so as to create the most appropriate work atmosphere that is very comfortable as well. Wood for use in office may be chosen from mainly four types ....Rosewood : A brown colored wood supplemented with a beautiful red hue.Mahogany : A kind of rosewood that has a dark tone. This is very well suited to create a formal atmosphere.Oakwood : This gives a subtle sober yet stylish look .Ebony : It's shade is almost black and is very well suited for ornamental cladding and pictorial panels.Wooden FlooringLaying wooden flooring is one of the best ways to create a luxurious ambience for the office. Natural hardwood floors can add warmth and charm to any room like few other floors can. But unlike wooden furniture, wooden floors require a lot of care and laying them right the first time is essential.But if they are laid the right way, wooden floors can become one of the best design features of any office.Wooden CladdingUsing veneer boards to cover open walls in the office could be a great thing to do. Few other things can convey a sense of elegance and sophistication as wooden cladding. Wooden cladding and panels greatly improve the acoustic properties of a room, making it very well suited for conference rooms.
Twigs and pruning
Flower heads
Barks
Roots
Outer skins, hulls and husks
Heartwoods and wood shavings
Berries and seeds
Lichens
Insect dyes
Few examples of obtaining natural dyes from various sources
Indigo: Still used by many block printers and dyers in the villages of India, Indigo gives shades of blue and some greens. Workers today utilize the same method used since olden times for natural indigo dyeing. Indigo is made in large vats made of clay that can contain at least 1000 liters of dye. These are sunken into the ground and this gives a consistent temperature to make the dye work. The indigo dye bath is prepared by using molasses and lime, and then preserved for around six months until it is exhausted. The cloth is constantly dipped and immersed in the vat and then exposed to the air to make different intensities of blue color.
White patterns in textiles are retained by making a paste from clay mixed with wheat chaff and tree gum. The paste restricts the dye from entering the covered areas. Indigo simply binds and connects with the fibres and through washing and friction some of the indigo molecules break away. This is why Indigo rubs off on your skin and can also be cleaned easily.
Turmeric & Pomegranate: Boiled pomegranate peels and turmeric powder are mixed to make yellow color. It is also used for over dying blue fabric to create green color.
Natural Black Dying: In various parts of the world, the color black is made in various ways and different shades and hues. As a result, a variety of shades varying from dark plum to blue black and snake black to soot black are obtained. Indian dyes are well-known for their special application of alum and iron metallic salts that capture red and black. Iron is utilized as a mordant for black in dyeing with madder and other dying plants. In India, the syahi (mordant) is made by fermenting iron or iron oxide in rusted iron in molasses (gur), tannin, or jaggery for a period of several days. The craftsmen judge when the mordant is ready by the familiar tang in the smell. The mordant has to be applied at the proper moment of fermentation if the best performance is to be achieved. After the process a reddish black color is obtained. Jet black is obtained by adding any yellow or yellowish green mordant dye to the process. When mixed with madder, it gives red.
Mordant
Only some natural dyes are color-fast with fibres. Mordant are substances which are applied to fix a dye to the fibres. They also increase the take-up quality of the fabric and support it by increasing color and light-fastness. Many natural dyes, for example indigo, set without the help of a mordant. Such dyes are defined as ??substantive dyes?¦. Other dyes, such as madder and weld, have a limited fastness and the color lightens with cleaning and exposure to light.
Mordant are found in nature. For example, wood ash or stale urine may have been utilized as an alkali mordant and acids could be found in acidic fruits or rhubarb leaves. Nowadays the majority natural dyers use chemical mordant such as alum, copper sulphate, iron or chrome.
Mordant are made in solution, usually with the addition of an 'assistant' which increases the fixing of the mordant to the yarn or fibre. In general, the most commonly used mordant is alum, which is normally applied with cream of tartar as an additive or assistant. Other mordant are:
. Iron (ferrous sulphate)
. Tin (stannous chloride)
. Chrome (bichromate of potash)
. Copper sulphate
. Tannic acid
. Oxalic acid
Using a variety of mordant with the same dyestuff can create different shades, for example;
. Iron is used as a 'saddener' and also to darken colors.
. Copper sulphate darkens and can also provide shades which are otherwise very difficult to obtain.
. Tin perks up colors.
. Tannic acid used with other mordant adds brightness.
. Chrome is good for obtaining yellows.
. Oxalic acid is ideal for extracting blues from berries.
. Cream of Tartar is not really a mordant, but is applied to provide luster to wool.
Mordant are normally poisonous, so it is advisable that in the dye-house they should be kept at the right place. When working with mordant, one should always wear protective clothing and avoid breathing the fumes. The mordant can be added before, during or after the dyeing stage, although much care should be taken prior to dyeing. It is appropriate to follow the instructions according to the use and process.
As against these mordant, there are a number of plants and minerals which can give good mordant. Some of the common options are as mentioned below.
Some plants, such as mosses and tea, contain a small amount of aluminium. This can be used as an alternative to alum. It is hard to recognize how much quantity of aluminium will be present.
. Iron water can be used as an option for ferrous sulphate.
. Oak galls or sumach leaves can be used as an alternate to tannic acid.
. Rhubarb leaves possess oxalic acid.
The selection of mordant for a specific plant is dependant upon the material with which it will be used. It is necessary to ensure a recipe before using a plant. It is suggested that plants be grown particularly for the use of dyeing.
Textile fibers and dyeing
Natural dyes can be used for majority types of material or fibre, but the standard of success in terms of fastness and clarity of color differs significantly. Users of natural dyes, though, are likely to also use natural fibres. Natural fibres are available mainly in two distinct origins, animal origin or vegetable origin. Fibres from an animal origin cover wool, silk, mohair and alpaca, as well as some others which are less accepted. While animal fibres are based on proteins, natural dyes have a well-built attraction to fibres of animal origin, particularly wool, silk and mohair and the outcome of these fibres are normally excellent. Fibres of plant origin include cotton, flax or linen, ramie
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