There are a few other things to consider when compressing backup data. What compression program to use and how to compress the files.

ZIP is the most commonly used compression format today - it's fast and compresses well. It's been around for a long time and is universally available. But there are other, less known, good alternatives. For example, 7ZIP, RAR, and BZIP2 compress significantly better than ZIP and are only slightly slower.

Finally, how to compress backups. Basically one can either create a compressed archive of many files, or compress each file individually. The main disadvantage to creating a compressed archive is the possibility of loosing all files in the archive if the archive gets corrupted and can not be recovered. On the other hand, if files are compressed individually one looses only one file - should it get corrupted and be unrecoverable. Additionally, since a compressed file use less space than uncompressed, it's less likely to get corrupted. Thus it's more safe to compress files individually.

WHICH BACKUP MEDIA TO USE

The commonly used backup media today are hard drives, tapes and CDs/DVDs. Hard drives are the fastest and often the best option for large amounts of data. They are also the most expensive and not very durable. Tapes are slow but can store a lot of data and can last decades. CDs/DVDs are probably the most common backup media used today due to its very low cost. Unfortunately, just like hard drives, most have a relatively short expected life span of between two to five years. Internet backup solutions are also becoming a popular backup option.

Reliability is important to consider when choosing the backup media. How robust is the media and for how long can it retain the data? The quality of the media plays a significant role here. All media degrade over time, but some degrade more than other. Most of the low cost burnable CDs have a life span of around

In this article we'll take a look at common backup types and strategies, data compression, and common backup media types. A real life backup scenario will illustrate my own backup procedures. The article will end with general backup tips.

COMMON BACKUP TYPES

The best backup methods rely on simple and time proven concepts. New or unnecessary technologies are best avoided till proven reliable and necessary. The simpler the procedure, the more likely it is to work correctly.

A full-backup consist of making a copy of all important data. When you copy a folder with important files, from say a hard drive to a floppy, you actually make a full-backup of those files. Due to simplicity, this approach is the most reliable of all backup types. Its main advantage is ease of backup creation and restoration. The main disadvantage is that the backup will use as much space as the important data. If the data is large, the backup process can be very resource intensive in terms of time and the processing power needed to carry out. Imagine the time needed to full-backup a digital library consisting of millions of books. Such operation takes days.

An incremental-backup works differently in that it backs up only the modified files since the last backup. When using this method, a full backup is created first and then incremental backups are run on regular basis. For large amounts of data this method is often the only practical way to backup. It takes up less space than a full backup and is less resource intensive to run. On the other hand, contrary to full backups, incremental backups need dedicated backup software to keep track of what files to backup.

Compressing the backup data is a popular option. Such practice lowers the amount of space needed on the backup media. Although compression adds an additional layer of complexity, it can be a good (if relied on wisely) and sometimes necessary solution.

ESSENTIAL BACKUP STRATEGIES

Regardless of the backup type and data, the following backup strategies should always be followed:

• backup should be taken on a regular basis
• backup should be automatic and need as little human supervision as possible
• backup should be stored in a safe remote location
• backup should rely on well established hardware and software technologies

Backup should be taken on a regular basis. The more frequently the data changes the more often it should be backed-up. For example, some of my most frequently updated files (website files, source code, notes, etc.) are backed-up daily. Files that are less frequently updated are backed-up monthly.

Backup should be automatic. Except for the initial configuration of the backup program and the occasional supervision, the whole backup process should be automatic and completely transparent. That is, the backup should run by itself without causing any attention unless necessary.

Backup should be stored in a safe remote location. Should the location of the important data get damaged, destroyed, or exposed to theft - a remotely stored backup becomes invaluable. How remote? Disasters like fire, flood, tornado, earthquake, etc., can cause widespread damage. Ideally a backup should be stored in a far away enough, minimal risk location.

Backup should rely on well established hardware and software technologies. Such technologies are typically in widespread use - thus cheaper and easier to troubleshoot, or get help in the event of failure. As established technologies become gradually replaced by new and better ones, so should the backup media and hardware and, if used, the software to re/store the data. There is no guarantee that the common backup media of today, like CD or DVD, will be usable in ten years. The same is true for software. A good data preservation strategy should include continual migration of the backup data to mature and well established technologies of the time.

A BIT ABOUT DATA COMPRESSION

Compression makes data smaller and thus is a popular backup option. Its main advantage is lower backup cost due to lower space use. The downside is the time needed to compress the data and later to uncompress it for restoration.

Many compression formats exist. Each format use some sort of compression method called an algorithm. There are two types of data compression algorithms: "lossy" and "lossless". Lossless compression reduce the data size without modifying its content. Lossy compression modify the data content to make it even smaller than lossless compression.

Some compression formats, like MP3 or JPG, are highly specialized. They use lossy algorithms and produce very small file sizes but can only compress a particular type of data. Other formats, like ZIP or BZIP2, are of general purpose. They rely on lossless compression algorithms and can work on any data. However, they will never outdo special purpose formats like MP3 or JPG. PNG and TIFF are popular image file formats which support lossless compression.

Unfortunately, due to the nature of lossy compression, JPG, MP3 or any other lossy format degrade the original data to some extent. In other words, saving an image or music in a lossy file format will make it different then the original. Usually the difference, called compression artifacts, is so small that most of us don't see or hear it.

For the above reasons, lossy compression should never be used when saving important data. Only lossless compression is suitable for that. PNG and TIFF are examples of image file formats that support lossless compression. Such formats are ideal for storing hi-resolution master images.

Finally, compression takes time and normally uses all available processing power. Generally, the better the compression the slower it is. Some compression algorithms are extremely good at compressing but also extremely slow. For backup purposes, one should evaluate common compression formats and set for the most suitable one.

CONSIDER YOUR NEEDS

Some additional issues need to be considered when designing the most suitable backup strategy for own use:

• the type of backup files
• if compression is desired, what compression to use and how
• backup storage media

As noted earlier the best backups are simply copies of important data. Such approach works especially well for artists who rely on compressed image formats like PNG or TIFF.

Note the difference between "built-in" image compression, done every time you save an image in a format that supports it, and compressing the backup data - applied to all backup data regardless of what it is.

What backup compression to use, and if to use it at all, depends on the type of backup data. Generally, text files (TXT, HTML, XML, etc) can be compressed the most of all file types. Images that have been compressed with their own algorithms (PNG, JPG, TIFF, etc) can't later be compressed much if at all. Images which don't have own compression (BMP, TGA, etc) can often be compressed quite a bit, though this depends on the actual image data.

Thus if most of your important art data consist of images that are already compressed, there is no need to compress the backup. Text files on the other hand, can be compressed a lot and save significant amount of space.

There are a few other things to consider when compressing backup data. What compression program to use and how to compress the files.

ZIP is the most commonly used compression format today - it's fast and compresses well. It's been around for a long time and is universally available. But there are other, less known, good alternatives. For example, 7ZIP, RAR, and BZIP2 compress significantly better than ZIP and are only slightly slower.

Finally, how to compress backups. Basically one can either create a compressed archive of many files, or compress each file individually. The main disadvantage to creating a compressed archive is the possibility of loosing all files in the archive if the archive gets corrupted and can not be recovered. On the other hand, if files are compressed individually one looses only one file - should it get corrupted and be unrecoverable. Additionally, since a compressed file use less space than uncompressed, it's less likely to get corrupted. Thus it's more safe to compress files individually.

WHICH BACKUP MEDIA TO USE

The commonly used backup media today are hard drives, tapes and CDs/DVDs. Hard drives are the fastest and often the best option for large amounts of data. They are also the most expensive and not very durable. Tapes are slow but can store a lot of data and can last decades. CDs/DVDs are probably the most common backup media used today due to its very low cost. Unfortunately, just like hard drives, most have a relatively short expected life span of between two to five years. Internet backup solutions are also becoming a popular backup option.

Reliability is important to consider when choosing the backup media. How robust is the media and for how long can it retain the data? The quality of the media plays a significant role here. All media degrade over time, but some degrade more than other. Most of the low cost burnable CDs have a life span of around t

Compressing the backup data is a popular option. Such practice lowers the amount of space needed on the backup media. Although compression adds an additional layer of complexity, it can be a good (if relied on wisely) and sometimes necessary solution.

ESSENTIAL BACKUP STRATEGIES

Regardless of the backup type and data, the following backup strategies should always be followed:

• backup should be taken on a regular basis
• backup should be automatic and need as little human supervision as possible
• backup should be stored in a safe remote location
• backup should rely on well established hardware and software technologies

Backup should be taken on a regular basis. The more frequently the data changes the more often it should be backed-up. For example, some of my most frequently updated files (website files, source code, notes, etc.) are backed-up daily. Files that are less frequently updated are backed-up monthly.

Backup should be automatic. Except for the initial configuration of the backup program and the occasional supervision, the whole backup process should be automatic and completely transparent. That is, the backup should run by itself without causing any attention unless necessary.

Backup should be stored in a safe remote location. Should the location of the important data get damaged, destroyed, or exposed to theft - a remotely stored backup becomes invaluable. How remote? Disasters like fire, flood, tornado, earthquake, etc., can cause widespread damage. Ideally a backup should be stored in a far away enough, minimal risk location.

Backup should rely on well established hardware and software technologies. Such technologies are typically in widespread use - thus cheaper and easier to troubleshoot, or get help in the event of failure. As established technologies become gradually replaced by new and better ones, so should the backup media and hardware and, if used, the software to re/store the data. There is no guarantee that the common backup media of today, like CD or DVD, will be usable in ten years. The same is true for software. A good data preservation strategy should include continual migration of the backup data to mature and well established technologies of the time.

A BIT ABOUT DATA COMPRESSION

Compression makes data smaller and thus is a popular backup option. Its main advantage is lower backup cost due to lower space use. The downside is the time needed to compress the data and later to uncompress it for restoration.

Many compression formats exist. Each format use some sort of compression method called an algorithm. There are two types of data compression algorithms: "lossy" and "lossless". Lossless compression reduce the data size without modifying its content. Lossy compression modify the data content to make it even smaller than lossless compression.

Some compression formats, like MP3 or JPG, are highly specialized. They use lossy algorithms and produce very small file sizes but can only compress a particular type of data. Other formats, like ZIP or BZIP2, are of general purpose. They rely on lossless compression algorithms and can work on any data. However, they will never outdo special purpose formats like MP3 or JPG. PNG and TIFF are popular image file formats which support lossless compression.

Unfortunately, due to the nature of lossy compression, JPG, MP3 or any other lossy format degrade the original data to some extent. In other words, saving an image or music in a lossy file format will make it different then the original. Usually the difference, called compression artifacts, is so small that most of us don't see or hear it.

For the above reasons, lossy compression should never be used when saving important data. Only lossless compression is suitable for that. PNG and TIFF are examples of image file formats that support lossless compression. Such formats are ideal for storing hi-resolution master images.

Finally, compression takes time and normally uses all available processing power. Generally, the better the compression the slower it is. Some compression algorithms are extremely good at compressing but also extremely slow. For backup purposes, one should evaluate common compression formats and set for the most suitable one.

CONSIDER YOUR NEEDS

Some additional issues need to be considered when designing the most suitable backup strategy for own use:

• the type of backup files
• if compression is desired, what compression to use and how
• backup storage media

As noted earlier the best backups are simply copies of important data. Such approach works especially well for artists who rely on compressed image formats like PNG or TIFF.

Note the difference between "built-in" image compression, done every time you save an image in a format that supports it, and compressing the backup data - applied to all backup data regardless of what it is.

What backup compression to use, and if to use it at all, depends on the type of backup data. Generally, text files (TXT, HTML, XML, etc) can be compressed the most of all file types. Images that have been compressed with their own algorithms (PNG, JPG, TIFF, etc) can't later be compressed much if at all. Images which don't have own compression (BMP, TGA, etc) can often be compressed quite a bit, though this depends on the actual image data.

Thus if most of your important art data consist of images that are already compressed, there is no need to compress the backup. Text files on the other hand, can be compressed a lot and save significant amount of space.

There are a few other things to consider when compressing backup data. What compression program to use and how to compress the files.

ZIP is the most commonly used compression format today - it's fast and compresses well. It's been around for a long time and is universally available. But there are other, less known, good alternatives. For example, 7ZIP, RAR, and BZIP2 compress significantly better than ZIP and are only slightly slower.

Finally, how to compress backups. Basically one can either create a compressed archive of many files, or compress each file individually. The main disadvantage to creating a compressed archive is the possibility of loosing all files in the archive if the archive gets corrupted and can not be recovered. On the other hand, if files are compressed individually one looses only one file - should it get corrupted and be unrecoverable. Additionally, since a compressed file use less space than uncompressed, it's less likely to get corrupted. Thus it's more safe to compress files individually.

WHICH BACKUP MEDIA TO USE

The commonly used backup media today are hard drives, tapes and CDs/DVDs. Hard drives are the fastest and often the best option for large amounts of data. They are also the most expensive and not very durable. Tapes are slow but can store a lot of data and can last decades. CDs/DVDs are probably the most common backup media used today due to its very low cost. Unfortunately, just like hard drives, most have a relatively short expected life span of between two to five years. Internet backup solutions are also becoming a popular backup option.

Reliability is important to consider when choosing the backup media. How robust is the media and for how long can it retain the data? The quality of the media plays a significant role here. All media degrade over time, but some degrade more than other. Most of the low cost burnable CDs have a life span of around

A BIT ABOUT DATA COMPRESSION

Compression makes data smaller and thus is a popular backup option. Its main advantage is lower backup cost due to lower space use. The downside is the time needed to compress the data and later to uncompress it for restoration.

Many compression formats exist. Each format use some sort of compression method called an algorithm. There are two types of data compression algorithms: "lossy" and "lossless". Lossless compression reduce the data size without modifying its content. Lossy compression modify the data content to make it even smaller than lossless compression.

Some compression formats, like MP3 or JPG, are highly specialized. They use lossy algorithms and produce very small file sizes but can only compress a particular type of data. Other formats, like ZIP or BZIP2, are of general purpose. They rely on lossless compression algorithms and can work on any data. However, they will never outdo special purpose formats like MP3 or JPG. PNG and TIFF are popular image file formats which support lossless compression.

Unfortunately, due to the nature of lossy compression, JPG, MP3 or any other lossy format degrade the original data to some extent. In other words, saving an image or music in a lossy file format will make it different then the original. Usually the difference, called compression artifacts, is so small that most of us don't see or hear it.

For the above reasons, lossy compression should never be used when saving important data. Only lossless compression is suitable for that. PNG and TIFF are examples of image file formats that support lossless compression. Such formats are ideal for storing hi-resolution master images.

Finally, compression takes time and normally uses all available processing power. Generally, the better the compression the slower it is. Some compression algorithms are extremely good at compressing but also extremely slow. For backup purposes, one should evaluate common compression formats and set for the most suitable one.

CONSIDER YOUR NEEDS

Some additional issues need to be considered when designing the most suitable backup strategy for own use:

• the type of backup files
• if compression is desired, what compression to use and how
• backup storage media

As noted earlier the best backups are simply copies of important data. Such approach works especially well for artists who rely on compressed image formats like PNG or TIFF.

Note the difference between "built-in" image compression, done every time you save an image in a format that supports it, and compressing the backup data - applied to all backup data regardless of what it is.

What backup compression to use, and if to use it at all, depends on the type of backup data. Generally, text files (TXT, HTML, XML, etc) can be compressed the most of all file types. Images that have been compressed with their own algorithms (PNG, JPG, TIFF, etc) can't later be compressed much if at all. Images which don't have own compression (BMP, TGA, etc) can often be compressed quite a bit, though this depends on the actual image data.

Thus if most of your important art data consist of images that are already compressed, there is no need to compress the backup. Text files on the other hand, can be compressed a lot and save significant amount of space.

There are a few other things to consider when compressing backup data. What compression program to use and how to compress the files.

ZIP is the most commonly used compression format today - it's fast and compresses well. It's been around for a long time and is universally available. But there are other, less known, good alternatives. For example, 7ZIP, RAR, and BZIP2 compress significantly better than ZIP and are only slightly slower.

Finally, how to compress backups. Basically one can either create a compressed archive of many files, or compress each file individually. The main disadvantage to creating a compressed archive is the possibility of loosing all files in the archive if the archive gets corrupted and can not be recovered. On the other hand, if files are compressed individually one looses only one file - should it get corrupted and be unrecoverable. Additionally, since a compressed file use less space than uncompressed, it's less likely to get corrupted. Thus it's more safe to compress files individually.

WHICH BACKUP MEDIA TO USE

The commonly used backup media today are hard drives, tapes and CDs/DVDs. Hard drives are the fastest and often the best option for large amounts of data. They are also the most expensive and not very durable. Tapes are slow but can store a lot of data and can last decades. CDs/DVDs are probably the most common backup media used today due to its very low cost. Unfortunately, just like hard drives, most have a relatively short expected life span of between two to five years. Internet backup solutions are also becoming a popular backup option.

Reliability is important to consider when choosing the backup media. How robust is the media and for how long can it retain the data? The quality of the media plays a significant role here. All media degrade over time, but some degrade more than other. Most of the low cost burnable CDs have a life span of around

Finally, compression takes time and normally uses all available processing power. Generally, the better the compression the slower it is. Some compression algorithms are extremely good at compressing but also extremely slow. For backup purposes, one should evaluate common compression formats and set for the most suitable one.

CONSIDER YOUR NEEDS

Some additional issues need to be considered when designing the most suitable backup strategy for own use:

• the type of backup files
• if compression is desired, what compression to use and how
• backup storage media

As noted earlier the best backups are simply copies of important data. Such approach works especially well for artists who rely on compressed image formats like PNG or TIFF.

Note the difference between "built-in" image compression, done every time you save an image in a format that supports it, and compressing the backup data - applied to all backup data regardless of what it is.

What backup compression to use, and if to use it at all, depends on the type of backup data. Generally, text files (TXT, HTML, XML, etc) can be compressed the most of all file types. Images that have been compressed with their own algorithms (PNG, JPG, TIFF, etc) can't later be compressed much if at all. Images which don't have own compression (BMP, TGA, etc) can often be compressed quite a bit, though this depends on the actual image data.

Thus if most of your important art data consist of images that are already compressed, there is no need to compress the backup. Text files on the other hand, can be compressed a lot and save significant amount of space.

There are a few other things to consider when compressing backup data. What compression program to use and how to compress the files.

ZIP is the most commonly used compression format today - it's fast and compresses well. It's been around for a long time and is universally available. But there are other, less known, good alternatives. For example, 7ZIP, RAR, and BZIP2 compress significantly better than ZIP and are only slightly slower.

Finally, how to compress backups. Basically one can either create a compressed archive of many files, or compress each file individually. The main disadvantage to creating a compressed archive is the possibility of loosing all files in the archive if the archive gets corrupted and can not be recovered. On the other hand, if files are compressed individually one looses only one file - should it get corrupted and be unrecoverable. Additionally, since a compressed file use less space than uncompressed, it's less likely to get corrupted. Thus it's more safe to compress files individually.

WHICH BACKUP MEDIA TO USE

The commonly used backup media today are hard drives, tapes and CDs/DVDs. Hard drives are the fastest and often the best option for large amounts of data. They are also the most expensive and not very durable. Tapes are slow but can store a lot of data and can last decades. CDs/DVDs are probably the most common backup media used today due to its very low cost. Unfortunately, just like hard drives, most have a relatively short expected life span of between two to five years. Internet backup solutions are also becoming a popular backup option.

Reliability is important to consider when choosing the backup media. How robust is the media and for how long can it retain the data? The quality of the media plays a significant role here. All media degrade over time, but some degrade more than other. Most of the low cost burnable CDs have a life span of around

There are a few other things to consider when compressing backup data. What compression program to use and how to compress the files.

ZIP is the most commonly used compression format today - it's fast and compresses well. It's been around for a long time and is universally available. But there are other, less known, good alternatives. For example, 7ZIP, RAR, and BZIP2 compress significantly better than ZIP and are only slightly slower.

Finally, how to compress backups. Basically one can either create a compressed archive of many files, or compress each file individually. The main disadvantage to creating a compressed archive is the possibility of loosing all files in the archive if the archive gets corrupted and can not be recovered. On the other hand, if files are compressed individually one looses only one file - should it get corrupted and be unrecoverable. Additionally, since a compressed file use less space than uncompressed, it's less likely to get corrupted. Thus it's more safe to compress files individually.

WHICH BACKUP MEDIA TO USE

The commonly used backup media today are hard drives, tapes and CDs/DVDs. Hard drives are the fastest and often the best option for large amounts of data. They are also the most expensive and not very durable. Tapes are slow but can store a lot of data and can last decades. CDs/DVDs are probably the most common backup media used today due to its very low cost. Unfortunately, just like hard drives, most have a relatively short expected life span of between two to five years. Internet backup solutions are also becoming a popular backup option.

Reliability is important to consider when choosing the backup media. How robust is the media and for how long can it retain the data? The quality of the media plays a significant role here. All media degrade over time, but some degrade more than other. Most of the low cost burnable CDs have a life span of around two years. Higher quality CDs can last up to five. Very high quality CDs with a gold layer are expected to last decades. Generally, if the handling and storage conditions are good, quality media should last at least few years without data loss. However, unless the best quality media is used, an annual full backup is probably the safest prevention against data loss due to media degradation.

A combination of different media may often be the ideal solution. For example, some of my own backup practices include using an external hard drive to mirror (update) certain parts of my computer hard drives. Twice a year I burn all important data on several DVDs.

I recommend spending some time investigating the most suitable media and the hardware to operate it. High quality products will minimize the possibility of backup failure.

THE NECESSITY OF VERIFYING BACKUPS

The most important aspect of taking backups is making sure they are error free. The backup data may prove useless if corrupted due to media or other error. It's good practice to immediately test the backup for its validity. Errors will be detected and a new backup can be taken right away. Any respectable backup program provides an option for data verification. What good is a backup if its data is corrupted?

A REAL LIFE BACKUP SCENARIO

My most valuable data is my art data, website files, source code, and various docs. All my hi-resolution work is stored in either PNG or TIFF. Nearly all my reference images are JPGs. Thus all my image data can be backed up without the use of compression and save huge amounts of backup time and space. I do compress 3d files which don't use own compression. For that I use bzip2 with the maximum compression setting. All the remaining data are basically text files and are compressed individually using either bzip2 or 7zip. Images and 3d files, even compressed, can be huge in size. Not surprisingly over 90% of my backup space is used on art data.

I backup daily, monthly and twice a year. Once a day, the files which are frequently updated (notes, work in progress images, source code, website files, email, etc.) are backed up to another hard drive. This happens during the boot process and takes a few minutes. Once a month I backup to a CD which also includes less frequently updated files. A copy of that CD is stored in a remote location. Twice a year I take full backup and store it on several DVDs at a friends house. If I work on something especially important, I store it daily on a CD/DVD or a USB mem-stick. My most critical data is also regularly encrypted and stored on a very remote internet host. I wrote a script to run all these backups automatically. With the exception of CD/DVD storage, no manual work is involved.

As you can see, a custom backup solution can be quite sophisticated yet simple to carry out. It can involve a combination of different media and backup procedures to optimally satisfy ones needs.

FINAL NOTES

Depending on your needs a dedicated backup software may be a necessary investment. Make sure to research this carefully. Usually, products from reputable companies that specialize in certain solutions are best. There are also many good open source or free software alternatives.

It's best to avoid products which rely on proprietary or closed solutions. For example, a backup software may store the backup data in an unknown format only supported by this particular backup software. Avoid that. If the company goes out of business and the backup software breaks, your backup data may be lost forever. Look for products that rely on well known, mature, and ideally open technologies. For example, PNG is an open format for storing image data. What this means is that the specification, or blueprint, for that format is publicly available for anyone to use it. This increases compatibility and reduces reliance on any specific vendor or product.

Most artists important data consists mainly of images and 3d files. To save space rely on PNG, TIFF or JPG for bitmap image formats. Vector images and 3d files can be compressed individually if needed. A basic backup software that simply copies specified files or directories to the backup media may be all that is needed. It's best to make two sets of the backup data and store each at different location. One close to home, like a friends place, or a bank box and the other far away.

Setting up a proper backup strategy may initially require a significant amount of time and cost money. There is a lot to research and consider. In the end however, a good backup procedure will prove an exceptionally valuable investment. As you read this, your screen could go blank due to a hard drive crash. All your valuable data - years of work, reference images, documents, photo albums, 3d files, email, etc., - could be lost forever. Unless you were prepared and took a backup.