Tags |
|
|
Links |
|
|
Actual for You - History of the Computer - Codes for Data Transfer, Part 2 of 3
Renter’s insurance protects your property against damage or loss, and insures you in case someone is injured while on your property. It’s offered by most companies that sell homeowner’s insurance. If you rent or lease your home this is for you!Why Should I Buy It?Your landlord’s insurance doesn’t cover your personal property — your clothes, furniture, stereo, computer, bicycle, jewelry
Most variations here have been in the recording system, that is how the data is written to and read from the tape. These include NRZ (Non Return to Zero), PE (Phase Enabled) and, latterly GCR (Group Controlled Recording). The density possible has increased, so that the capacity of the tapes even in the present day small cassettes
Your important outside audiences behave in ways that stop you from reaching your objectives.Because you haven’t paid much attention to their care and feeding, is it likely you’ll know they are placing a hammer lock on your business in time to limit the damage?With some luck, you might save the day, but why let matters fester until you have a bad situation like this on your hands?COMPUTER CODES
Various codes have been used in computing, EBCDIC, Fieldata etc., with various bit combinations, and total bits between 5 and 8. This often depended on which proprietary computer system you were using, and what type of device you were using. Punched cards had a different code again. A standard code, ASCII, was eventually introduced. The American Standard Code for Information Interchange has 8 bits, and is used interchangeably on almost all systems today.
PAPER TAPE CODES
Paper tape was upgraded to 8 bits across, plus the sprocket, and used to boot computers, and to transfer data from one machine to another. For instance a NC, or Numerical Control, could use paper tape to relay instructions to a machine for cutting steel sheet shapes.
PUNCH CARD CODES
Punch cards had been used since the 19th century, and a couple of different formats had emerged, round holes, rectangular holes, 80 per card, 90 per card, different codes, etc. Once again it depended on whose computer you were using IBM, Univac, Control Data etc. However, the basic principle was the same. The 'standard' came to be the 80-column card, with 12 rows for each character. The 1 to 9 rows were numbers 1-9, with the 0, 11 and 12 rows being used for various special characters, shifts etc.
MAGNETIC TAPE CODES
Magnetic tape, initially on 10 inch reels of half inch wide tape, 2400 ft long, used variations of the computer codes. Initially 6 bits plus parity (7) were written across the tape. With the introduction of bytes this increased to 9 bits to incorporate the 8-bit byte plus parity.
Most variations here have been in the recording system, that is how the data is written to and read from the tape. These include NRZ (Non Return to Zero), PE (Phase Enabled) and, latterly GCR (Group Controlled Recording). The density possible has increased, so that the capacity of the tapes even in the present day small cassettes
The trick to building profitable web sites to get high ranking through indexing by Major Search Engines is Good Design. You don’t have to pay costly fees. Get that?Yes, getting to the top 1% ranking comes from the art of putting careful thought in crafting and setting up your Internet Business. How you arrange your products and services in your web site pages is very critical for getting t
PAPER TAPE CODES
Paper tape was upgraded to 8 bits across, plus the sprocket, and used to boot computers, and to transfer data from one machine to another. For instance a NC, or Numerical Control, could use paper tape to relay instructions to a machine for cutting steel sheet shapes.
PUNCH CARD CODES
Punch cards had been used since the 19th century, and a couple of different formats had emerged, round holes, rectangular holes, 80 per card, 90 per card, different codes, etc. Once again it depended on whose computer you were using IBM, Univac, Control Data etc. However, the basic principle was the same. The 'standard' came to be the 80-column card, with 12 rows for each character. The 1 to 9 rows were numbers 1-9, with the 0, 11 and 12 rows being used for various special characters, shifts etc.
MAGNETIC TAPE CODES
Magnetic tape, initially on 10 inch reels of half inch wide tape, 2400 ft long, used variations of the computer codes. Initially 6 bits plus parity (7) were written across the tape. With the introduction of bytes this increased to 9 bits to incorporate the 8-bit byte plus parity.
Most variations here have been in the recording system, that is how the data is written to and read from the tape. These include NRZ (Non Return to Zero), PE (Phase Enabled) and, latterly GCR (Group Controlled Recording). The density possible has increased, so that the capacity of the tapes even in the present day small cassettes
MLM artilces on success secrets through retail: When I was retailing physical products I found that it was the same work to get a retail customer as it was a wholesale customer so I stopped making wholesale customers, made everyone retail and those that really wanted to make money were then given the option of being a member.Sometimes the best way to sell a lot of products is to give them aw
Punch cards had been used since the 19th century, and a couple of different formats had emerged, round holes, rectangular holes, 80 per card, 90 per card, different codes, etc. Once again it depended on whose computer you were using IBM, Univac, Control Data etc. However, the basic principle was the same. The 'standard' came to be the 80-column card, with 12 rows for each character. The 1 to 9 rows were numbers 1-9, with the 0, 11 and 12 rows being used for various special characters, shifts etc.
MAGNETIC TAPE CODES
Magnetic tape, initially on 10 inch reels of half inch wide tape, 2400 ft long, used variations of the computer codes. Initially 6 bits plus parity (7) were written across the tape. With the introduction of bytes this increased to 9 bits to incorporate the 8-bit byte plus parity.
Most variations here have been in the recording system, that is how the data is written to and read from the tape. These include NRZ (Non Return to Zero), PE (Phase Enabled) and, latterly GCR (Group Controlled Recording). The density possible has increased, so that the capacity of the tapes even in the present day small cassettes
We all know why brands are so important in business, but what can a small business to cash in on brand marketing? We will discuss how brand marketing has been used in the corporate world and how these methods can be applied to small businesses, nonprofits and even government agencies.Believe it or not it is very simple for a small business to adopt a brand name marketing strategy. We will di
MAGNETIC TAPE CODES
Magnetic tape, initially on 10 inch reels of half inch wide tape, 2400 ft long, used variations of the computer codes. Initially 6 bits plus parity (7) were written across the tape. With the introduction of bytes this increased to 9 bits to incorporate the 8-bit byte plus parity.
Most variations here have been in the recording system, that is how the data is written to and read from the tape. These include NRZ (Non Return to Zero), PE (Phase Enabled) and, latterly GCR (Group Controlled Recording). The density possible has increased, so that the capacity of the tapes even in the present day small cassettes
Whenever you hear the words customer service, you think of a person who knows exactly what a customer wants and needs – and knows them even before the customer does. A customer service person has people skills: he or she is patient, but never condescending; and will do everything he or she can do to help a person, but will never be desperate. If you are in customer service, you can understand the fu
Most variations here have been in the recording system, that is how the data is written to and read from the tape. These include NRZ (Non Return to Zero), PE (Phase Enabled) and, latterly GCR (Group Controlled Recording). The density possible has increased, so that the capacity of the tapes even in the present day small cassettes has greatly increased.
Transport methods, initially 'Stop-Start', to record each character, now more commonly 'Streaming', have developed in parallel. The tape has normally been written in blocks of various lengths with codes being required to control these, such as 'Start of Block', 'Start of Data' etc. Other codes are used to verify the data. The DAT (Digital Audio Tape) tapes used today use a different form of digital coding, but data codes are much the same.
As well as the parity bit in each character, there can be a parity bit, for example, for all the '3' bits in a block. This is known as 'longitudinal parity', or parity along the tape, a bit for each 'row' of bits in the block. You can also have a CRC or, cyclic redundancy check, which considers all the bits in the block, in a complicated formula.
All these check codes are necessary because magnetic tape is an inherently unreliable medium, as you probably know from listening to your old cassettes! This has caused ECC or error correction codes to be developed, similar to those used in memory. In fact there are so many extra codes on the tape you wonder if there is enough room for data.
In part 3 we look at data transmission, disk, and printer codes
HTTP = HTML link (for blogs, profiles,phorums):
<a href="http://www.actual4u.com/article/170354/actual4u-History-of-the-Computer--Codes-for-Data-Transfer-Part-2-of-3.html">History of the Computer - Codes for Data Transfer, Part 2 of 3</a>
BB link (for phorums):
[url=http://www.actual4u.com/article/170354/actual4u-History-of-the-Computer--Codes-for-Data-Transfer-Part-2-of-3.html]History of the Computer - Codes for Data Transfer, Part 2 of 3[/url]
Related Articles:
The Applications of PowerPoint Presentation Compression
Real Estate Marketing Reports; Fast, Affordable and Content Rich
Working From Home and Making it Work
Bookmark it:
|